Implicit and Explicit Main Ideas
In Narrative Essays

A Hanging
by George Orwell

"A Hanging" is not an imaginative creation invented by Orwell simply to entertain, but rather a narrative essay based on his real life experiences while serving as a police officer in Burma during the 1930's.

Orwell relates this incident to illustrate an idea that he explicitly states when he writes:

It is curious, but till that moment I had never realized what it means to destroy a healthy, conscious man. When I saw the prisoner step aside to avoid the puddle, I saw the mystery, the unspeakable wrongness, of cutting a life short when it is in full tide.
Stated in the simplist terms, Orwell's point is that killing another human being is wrong. Given the context, it is an inditement of capital punishment. Orwell's typical method is to pause in his narration and to reflect on the meaning of what is going on, so rather than finding the main idea at the beginning or at the end of the essay, which is the more common practice, Orwell states his main idea somewhere in the middle.

Salvation
by Langston Hughes

The first person point of view and the personal, reflective tone of this writing strongly suggest that it is a report of an actual experience rather than a story that has been made up. Therefore, it is a narrative essay.

Hughes tells the story to make a point, but he does not explicitly state his main idea in the same way that Orwell does in "A Hanging." The young Hughes cries in bed after the revival service, awakening his grandmother who thinks that he is crying because the holy ghost has come into his life. However, Hughes gives a different reason.

But I was really crying because I couldn't bear to tell her that I had lied, that I had deceived everybody in the church, that I hadn't seen Jesus, and that now I didn't believe there was a Jesus anymore, since he didn't come to help me.
Often students will point to these lines as the main idea. But although the words express Hughes' feelings at the time, they may not express the main idea of the essay. The main idea is more general and abstract, and it remains unspoken, or implicit.

Because it is implicit, different readers may interpret the meaning in different ways based on their own experiences with church, their education, the culture in which they were raised, and other factors.

One might conclude that the main idea is that because children want to place a literal interpretation on what they are told, they become disallusioned when what they expect does not happen. Hughes was told that Jesus would come into his life, and so he wanted to see Jesus.

Another lesson that might be drawn from the essay is that when someone is pressured into acting in a way contrary to what they believe or know to be true, they suffer remorse and guilt as a consequence.

Similar interpretations are also possible. One might conclude that religious conversion cannot be imposed from outside but must emanate from within, or that forced adherence to community expectations induces hypocracy and disrespect.

When trying to identify the main idea of an essay, keep in mind that the main idea must apply not only to the particular circumstances of the case presented but also to similar situations involving other people at other times and places.

If a meaning applies only to the one particular case, then it is too narrow to be of value in making sense of other situations, and a meaning that cannot be generalized beyond the immideate context is trivial and not worth remembering because it is the one shot in a million that is unlikely to be repeated.

Most narratives give enough information about the people and events to allow a reader to draw some conclusions about possible meanings. However, it is also true that many times subtiles and ambiguities exist which make it hard to say exactly what the best possible interpretation may be, and so a single best answer may not be possible.

The Death of the Moth
by Virginia Woolf

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